Numerical Analysis I

Report all answers to 8 decimal places. If you are asked to prove a statement and you use a theorem from class then state what the theorem is.

Problems

1. Use the bisection method to find an approximation $p^{\ast }$ to the zero $p$ of the function $f(x)=-2x^3-4x^2+4x+4$ on the interval $[-3,-2]$ such that $|p-p^{\ast }|<0.1$. Show all your steps on how you arrived at $p^{\ast }$ and what the intervals $[a_n,b_n]$ are. How many iterations of the Bisection method were necessary and what is $f(p^{\ast })$? (In this question, you are not asked to use Python to implement the Bisection method but rather to implement the method by hand and calculator.)
2. The growth of a certain population can be modeled via the function $$P(t)=P_0{e}^{\alpha t}+\frac{\mu }{\alpha }(e^{\alpha t}-1)$$ where $P(t)$ is the size of the population at time $t$, $P_0$ is the initial size of the population, $\alpha$ is the birth rate of the population, and $\mu$ is the rate of immigration. Suppose that $P(0)=1,000,000$, $P(1)=1,564,000$, and $\mu =435,000$. Use your Python bisection method to find an approximation ${\alpha }^{\ast }$ to the birth rate $\alpha$ such that $|\alpha -{\alpha }^{\ast }|<1\times {10}^{-5}$. Once you find ${\alpha }^{\ast }$, use it to compute the value $P(1)$ and compare it to 1564000.
3. Let $f(x)=\arctan (x)$ and $g(x)=\cos (x)$. Use your Python bisection method to find an approximation $p^{\ast }$ to the point $p$ where the graphs of $f$ and $g$ intersect. Find $p^{\ast }$ so that $|p-p^{\ast }|<1\times {10}^{-12}$.
4. Let $f(x)=10\cosh (x/4)-x$ for $x\in [-1,2]$.
   1. Use the matplotlib module to plot $f$ on the interval $[-1,2]$. Label the $x$-axis of your plot and give it a title. Print and include your plot in your submission. (Hint: See the Python code below on how to make a basic plot.)
   2. From your plot, notice that $f$ has a minimum in the interval $[-1,2]$. Use your Python bisection method to find an approximation $p^{\ast }$ to the minimum point $p$ of $f$ in $[-1,2]$.
   Hint: $\cosh (x)$ and $\sinh (x)$ are the hyperbolic cosine and sine function, respectively, and the numpy module has built-in functions to evaluate $\cosh$ and $\sinh$.

   import numpy as np
   import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
   
   #%% Basic plot
   N = 200
   t = np.linspace(-2 * np.pi, 2 * np.pi, N)
   y = np.sin(t)
   
   plt.plot(t, y)
   plt.xlabel('time (s)')
   plt.ylabel('voltage (mV)')
   plt.title('Sine function')
   plt.grid(True)
   plt.savefig("sin_plot.pdf")
   #plt.show()
   
   #%% Two plots together
   x1 = np.linspace(0.0, 5.0)
   x2 = np.linspace(0.0, 2.0)
   
   y1 = np.cos(2 * np.pi * x1) * np.exp(-x1)
   y2 = np.cos(2 * np.pi * x2)
   
   plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)
   plt.plot(x1, y1, 'ko-')
   plt.title('Two plots')
   plt.ylabel('Damped oscillation')
   
   plt.subplot(2, 1, 2)
   plt.plot(x2, y2, 'r.-')
   plt.xlabel('time (s)')
   plt.ylabel('Undamped')
   
   #%% Something interesting: Floating-point precision
   
   x = 0.1
   y = 0.2
   z = 0.3
   
   x + y == z
   
   print('0.1 = {:.17f}'.format(x))
   print('0.2 = {:.17f}'.format(y))
   print('0.3 = {:.17f}'.format(z))
   print('0.1 + 0.2 = {:.17f}'.format(x+y))
   
   np.round(x + y, decimals=8) == np.round(z, decimals=8)
   

5. Let $f(x)=x^2-1+\arctan (x)$ for $x\in [-1,1]$.
   1. Prove that $f$ has a zero in the interval $[-1,1]$.
   2. Find $K>0$ such that $|f(x)-f(y)|\le K|x-y|$ for all $x,y\in [-1,1]$, and thus proving that $f$ is Lipschitz. (Hint: Use theorems from class.)
   3. Based on your $K$, analytically find $n$ such that $|f(p_n)|<\epsilon$, where $p_n$ is the $n$th term of the sequence generated by the Bisection method on the interval $[-1,1]$.
   4. For $\epsilon =1\times {10}^{-12}$, use your Python bisection method to find $p_n$ such that $|f(p_n)|<\epsilon$.