Numerical Analysis I

Problems

1. Find the third-order Taylor polynomial $P_3(x)$ of the function $f(x)=(x-1)\ln (x)$ at $x_0=1$. Use $P_3(0.5)$ to approximate $f(0.5)$. Find an upper bound for the error $|f(0.5)-P_3(0.5)|$ using the remainder term $R_3(0.5)$ and compare the error to the actual error.
2. Find the fourth-order Taylor polynomial $P_4(x)$ of the function $f(x)=x{e}^{x^2}$ at $x_0=0$. Use $P_4(-0.1)$ to approximate $f(-0.1)$. Find an upper bound for the error $|f(-0.1)-P_4(-0.1)|$ using the remainder term $R_4(-0.1)$ and compare the error to the actual error.
3. The number $e=2.7182818284590451\dots$ can be defined as $e=\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{1}{k!}$. Let $P_n=\sum _{k=0}^n\frac{1}{k!}$. Use Python's math module to obtain the "true" value to the constant $e$.
   1. Compute the absolute and relative error in approximating $e$ with $P_5$.
   2. Compute the absolute and relative error in approximating $e$ with $P_{10}$.
   3. Write pseudocode for an algorithm that outputs the minimum positive integer $N$ such that $|e-P_N|<\epsilon$ for a given $\epsilon >0$.
   4. Write a Python script to find $N$ if $\epsilon =1\times {10}^{-2}$. What is $N$ and what is your approximation $P_N$? Print your Python script and include it with your assignment.
4. Let $f(x)=\cos (x)$ and let $P_n(x)$ be the $n$th order Taylor approximation of $f$ centered at $x_0=0$.
   1. Write pseudocode for an algorithm that outputs the minimum positive integer $N$ such that $|f(z)-P_N(z)|<\epsilon$ for some given $\epsilon >0$ and $z$. Your pseudocode should contain explicit steps on how the approximation $P_N(z)$ is computed, and thus you will need to know the general form of $P_n(x)$.
   2. Write a Python script to determine $N$ when $z=9.4248$ and $\epsilon =1\times {10}^{-4}$. What is $N$? What is your approximation? Print your algorithm and include it with your assignment. Note that $z\approx 3\pi$.
   3. Repeat with $z=15.7080$ and $\epsilon =1\times {10}^{-4}$. Note that $z\approx 5\pi$.